It kind of depends. I mean, there are more endurance-type "racing" bikes too. Think of something like the Specialized Roubaix. It's got a longer wheel base, a taller head tube, and is designed to lessen rider fatigue while still being responsive, lightweight, and suitable for road racing. Then there are even more "relaxed" touring style bikes. You can definitely start racing on just about anything with drop handlebars, but a touring bike could pose some additional challenges for getting the most out of your efforts if you get into racing and faster group rides due to its weight and even more relaxed geometry. It won't handle quite as responsively as something with a shorter wheelbase and more aggressive angles, and you'll have more weight to lug uphill.
If you are interested more in speed and quick group rides and less into doing a lot of long distance riding and tours, then you can adapt a more aggressive "performance" bike to fit your needs as a developing cyclist. You can keep spacers under the stem. You can have a higher stem angle. As your flexibility and comfort improves, drop that down to be more aggressive in the front end. One reason it's low is to improve weight distribution for fast cornering, etc. It's not just about being in a more aerodynamic position. It's about being able to lean the bike over safely and about being able to jump out of the saddle and accelerate.
I would recommend buying a performance bike where the fit is such that you can have a decently long stem. So, look at different sizes and WSD and non-WSD. Retaining a longer stem on a performance bike will make the front end feel less twitchy even with the tighter wheelbase and all the rest that makes the bike responsive. It will still corner nicely and be responsive to your power output in accelerations and climbing efforts, but it might feel a bit more stable for a beginner to road bikes.
Different brands and models within brand will also have a different ride feel. So, don't try one performance bike and write them all off if you don't like the ride. Try a bunch. Try a bunch of endurance bikes. See what clicks.
