Emily--
Sorry to hear you're hurting--what a bummer!! Along with what you're already doing, I'd check for trigger points in the quads if I were you. It's possible your pain could just be coming from something like that as opposed to a tendinitis; if that's the case you can most likely get rid of the pain yourself by massaging the trigger points a few times a day. Is there any swelling or redness in the area? That would be one indication that something really is inflamed. As for your question about the bike, I'm not sure about that. Also not totally sure as far as how long quadriceps tendinitis takes to heal; all I know is anything with a tendon takes a while to heal because they don't have much blood supply. Hope you feel better soon--I know how rotten it is to be injured (still working on coming back from mine and making sure it doesn't happen again)!!
2011 Surly LHT
1995 Trek 830