I have only one cycling specific article of clothing so far, so here's my regular-clothes list of stuff. It's very short or repetitive.

50 degrees seems to be one demarcation line for me, and 32 degrees or freezing is the other one. Basically, you just add gloves, longer sleeves, extra socks, and a scarf as the temperature gets colder. All my stuff besides shirts and jeans cost very little- my leather gloves were $6 at Walmart, stockings about that for a 3-pack. Boots were $3 at Goodwill. For a budget I highly recommend spending a few hours in there.

>50: light jacket (currently mine is leather, but somehow that counts as light. the surface of the leather transfers a little bit of outside temperatures so wind is blocked, but I'm not really hot as I pedal along. Any other regular jacket or hoodie has me sweating to death even at 7 degrees. Last year I had a Faded Glory shell windbreaker, so see what works for you),
probably more comfortable with short-sleeved shirt
can go with pants or skirt,
any shoes with any socks.

50<32:
jacket
short or long-sleeved shirt
one-size-fits-all kid gloves
regular stockings/tights underneath pants
must have socks
shoes without a lot of ventilation

<32
scarf (wraps around head and neck, covering ears and chin. mine is thin and cashmere-like soft).
kid gloves and oversize leather gloves to fit over those (need a good solution here too. I didn't get frostbite, but I was darned uncomfortable in the 20 range and lower. maybe mittens?)
jacket
long-sleeved shirt
stockings and pants (I'll need something windblocking for the 20s temps and below- last year after I stopped my 3 mile trips my legs would be painful to touch and red until they thawed out a little)
wool socks (I have only one very fat pair) or doubled socks
consider snow boots even without snow due to insulative properties (or traction. ice sucks). loose sneakers also work (to fit the extra socks, they suck very badly on ice)


Probably unneeded but: Beware of slippery ice if the temperature is anywhere near freezing. It's rideable on slick skinny hybrid tires like mine if you are extremely careful, but falling still sucks. Carry the stuff you have for winter even if you don't need it in a saddlebag or crate or whatever. You might not be cold enough to use it, but you don't want to not have that stuff when you do need it. Try not to get too hot. If you do and sweat a bunch, you'll just be super cold (or wet) after you arrive at your destination or if you get a flat tire or something. And of course, lights and reflective stuff is awesome for the shorter days and yuckier weather.

Riding in snow is tons of fun!