First of all, I am a total advocate of getting a bike fit. It won't necessarily make you faster (but could). However, as you up your intensity, you want a well-fitted bike so that you don't cause injuries.
Training:
With some hard work and dedication, you will get faster. I started riding a few years ago and was slooooow. For a while (a couple of seasons), I just worked on my endurance, steadily building up my mileage. As a newbie rider, I also saw a big jump in my speed as I did this because I was seeing big fitness gains.
By the end of my 2nd year riding, I was hanging with the big boys on club rides (but not contributing much to the pace-setting) and decided that I wanted to get into racing.
Fast-forward to year three: racing and training regularly. HUGE gains in speed. My training plan involves 2-3 days/week of intervals, one long endurance ride, and some easy recovery rides. Intervals, done right, will hurt, and will leave you totally shattered. They are also tough mentally, because during the workout, you have to train your mind to let you push through the pain to finish the effort. So, it is imperative to take at least a day off after a hard workout, ride easy or don't ride at all.
What kinds of intervals?
A lot of people swear by 2x20s. I did a lot of these in the spring. To do these, ride as hard as you can for 20min. The last 5min will be excruciating, and when you are done, your legs won't really want to turn. But ride easy for 10min or so, get your heart-rate down, spin out your legs, and you should be good to go for another 20min (make sure that you go just as fast in the 2nd 20min as you did in the first!). These are often referred to as "threshold intervals" because if you can maintain the effort for 20min you are pretty much training at your lactic threshold. The other thing to keep in mind with these is to try to keep the effort steady. Don't go out so hard that you cannot maintain the effort, and blow up before 20min, or slow down during the effort.
You also want to train above your lactic threshold. This involves shorter intervals at a higher intensity. 3x3min/3x2min. Again, these are the hardest efforts you can maintain for the allotted time. Recover fully between intervals and repeat. These can be done on flat roads, if you can find a stretch that allows for this type of effort, or on a hill. These intervals will increase your VO2 max (oxygen consumption).
I structure my training into "blocks" which means for about a month or so, I will do only threshold work. It can get boring, but it really targets a particular system and allows you to see gains. Then transition into VO2 max work. Over the course of your training block, you should see that it gets easier to do the interval at a given speed because your body will adapt to the effort and get stronger - it is a great feeling, but also means that you have to up your intensity to continue to see gains! The last day of your training block should feel as hard as the first one, you will just be going faster!



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