I clean my bike every 150-200 miles...or at least, I try. A thorough cleaning occurs whenever I look at my bike and go "EEW!" I do clean my bike same-day if I've ridden when it's wet.
This is a messy process; put down several layers of newspaper, a big sheet of cardboard, or do it somewhere where cleanup will be easy. A trainer makes it easier, but I've done it leaning the bike up against a wall.
I bought something like this: http://www.performancebike.com/bikes..._1030344_-1___
Except mine is Park Tools' version. (It's blue.) You fill it with degreaser (I use Park Tools' citrus degreaser), close it around the chain, and turn the pedals backward. You might have to change the degreaser several times so that the chain comes out silver rather than black. Once it's clean, I wipe it down with a rag and re-lube the chain. Then, I pop the back wheel off and use a rag soaked in degreaser to "floss' the cogs so that they come out shiny. While the wheel is off, I take a rag or paper towel to the inside of the brake and the brake pads themselves and clean those. I also clean the chainrings as best I can without taking them off. Then I put the wheel back on and clean out the front brake.
Once those are done, I wipe down the frame, rims and spokes with Lemon Pledge.



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