Well one thing I still haven't gotten into which is having the opposite effect of drawing in more women: is the cycling chic trend of cycling with dress/heeled shoes, dresses and skirts, suits. I think this latter flexibility now in some big North American cities is drawing more women to cycling as simply part of ordinary life. Because it is.

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As for the fear of being alone: As long as I can cycle at a certain speed (and it doesn't have to be fast) without stopping too much at the wrong time (that's unsafe for me), then I'm fine. And that's feeling safe 95% of the time, in terms of my safety as a female cyclist. I have commuted daily through quieter or isolated ravine park system to get to work, but most of that route were wide, paved paths...
I have lived in "rougher" or perceived as "rougher" areas of big cities. Which translates as: lower income, non-white neighbourhoods. Yes, there were shoot-outs that made the press, which I found out later. But it only takes a few bad folks to make it bad for everyone else...
So for certain, I consider cycling in the city, actually waaaaay safer for me as a woman than walking or jogging. For certain at night, I don't choose to cycle in unlit areas with narrow paths, etc. nor busy aerterial roads with tons of cars and no shoulder if I can.