There are lots of styles of pumps that you can carry along with you that attach to the frame of your bike so you can air up a flat after patching/changing the tube in the tire. The only problem with those being 1) they add weight to your bike (not important to all people) and 2) it takes FOREVER to fill a tire up to proper pressure because the pump is so small. And it gets really difficult to use at high pressures.
I use CO2 cartridges out on the road. I got a kit that included a dispenser that uses both threaded and threadless cartridges, 3 cartridges and a set of a tire wrenches for about $23. It's simple enough to use although it does create waste when you use up the CO2 cartridge. However, you can easily fit two catridges and a tube or two in most saddle bags so it's simple enough to tote around.
As far as tire pressure goes - on the sidewall of your tire it should say what the max pressure is for that tire. Some can only go as high as 100 psi (usually bigger tires), but many can get more than that. The Vredesteins that I have have a max of about 145 and I ride them around 120-130 - but I like high pressure tires and the way they ride. A lot of people say you don't need to inflate above 110/120 because the more you inflate the rougher the ride, but really I think it's personal preference. You just have to look on your tire and see what it can handle. Properly inflated tires go a long way in making sure you have a decreased amount of flats and that you roll nicely down the road.



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I try to be self-sufficient, so I got myself a pump shortly thereafter!