I wonder if there are any research studies with the same cyclist using both 650c and 700c in a time trial and/or road race course. The pros of 650c seems to boil down to these following things:
Pros
1. Possibility of a better fit for some people (e.g. better road or aero position)
2. Faster spin-up / acceleration
3. Lighter weight (easier climbs)
4. Slightly more aero (but counterbalanced by #2 in Cons)
Cons
1. Limited selection of wheels, tires, and tubes
2. Higher rolling resistance (because of bigger contact patch)
3. Slightly rougher ride - you feel bumps more
4. Slower descents



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