Hi and welcome to TE and to the wonderful world of cycling!
Usually road bikes have drop handlebars whereas hybrids have flat bars. Mountain bikes also have flat bars but often have suspensions which make them different from hybrids.
I find bike shorts to be a must, especially for riding on my road saddle, which is very narrow.
Gloves also make things more comfortable but above all safer (to avoid turning your hands into ground beef if you were to crash on the pavement).
Cycling shirts are made of sweat-wicking material but above all they have rear pockets, which I find extremely helpful, and could not cycle without. But they are by no means mandatory.
Cycling shoes... well that's taking the experience to the next level. Cycling shoes have rigid soles, so that all the effort from your legs is transfered into your pedal/crank system. They can also accommodate cleats which would click into automatic pedals (also called clipless pedals - you can use the search function on this forum for more info). You'll certainly be fine with regular shoes for now.
Enjoy!



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